Практикум по чтению и переводу профессиональных текстов по книгоизданию и редактированию. Английский язык

Gutenberg’s invention of the European method of printing (mid-15th century) opened up a new era in the history of books; the printed word became an important factor in social development.

3. From the 18th through the mid-19th century, the process of forming publishing houses and their quantitative growth in all countries proceeded with increasing rapidity.

4. Taxes and duties were imposed upon publishing houses; they were punished by fines and shut down, and the owners of publishing enterprises and printing houses were brought to trial and given harsh sentences.

5. The process of specialization of publishing and typographic enterprises in the publishing business began in the mid-19th century, with the emergence of a new, strong technical base.

6. Books were copied by special scribes in monasteries and at princes’ courts and by professional artisans in the cities. In the 15th to the mid-16th century, the book business expanded in conjunction with the formation of the centralized Russian state, the development of handicrafts and trade, and the growth of cities and development of urban culture.

7. The nature of the publishing house is determined by the intended readership – scientific, popular, children, or youth; the subject matter of the publications determines the type of the publishing house – general-purpose or specialized.

5. Give the English equivalents from the text given above:

Отрасль культуры и производства; появление новой технической базы; быстро увеличивается; количественный рост; продажа и распространение книг; писцы; многотомные рукописи; увеличение выхода продукции; издательства делятся; наказывать штрафами и суровыми приговорами; развитие ручного труда; культура города; профессиональные мастера; распространиться в значительной степени.

6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:

1. The level, __________, and orientation of publishing are determined by the material, sociopolitical, and cultural __________ of a society.

2. The publishing house __________ as an enterprise for the production of printed matter in Europe in the 16th century.

3. Publishing was __________ upon special permission; books, journals, and newspapers were subject to strict __________.

4. Books were copied by special __________ in monasteries and at princes’ courts and by professional __________ in the cities. In the 15th to the mid-16th century

5.